1. Capt. Joseph H. (Cass) Forrington, General Relativity: Effects in Time as Causation,

This paper is a major expansion of the original version first published as #21 in Vol. 26, on 29 July 2019. It now contains the time dilation formulas, where To = the time dilation factor, for Planetary/Moon, $$ V = {c \sqrt{1-To}}.$$ and Galactic rotation, $$ V = {c \sqrt{1-To} \over \sqrt{3}}.$$ velocities, and the Vis-Viva formula, which means the paper provides the time dilation formulas for all gravitationally induced velocities in the universe. Other formulas are for the force in time in Newtons, the mass inside a stellar circle, the Hamiltonian, and more, showing the direct relationship between time dilation and velocity, with no need of the Gravitational constant, G. The galactic and planetary orbital velocities are explained mathematically through a proper application of time dilation within the continuum, rather than Newtonian physics in space, demonstrating that these velocities are merely compensation for the slower rates of time in masses in a continuum evolving forward overall at c.

The origin of spacetime is explained. This is a new continuum-based model based on time dilation that eliminates LamdaCDM; Dark Energy and CDM.

A second paper by Capt. Forrington, Time Dilation Cosmology, was published in the Journal of Modern Physics on 29 May 2023. As (1-To) = the difference in the rate of time, dRt, between the far distant observer outside all gravitational fields and the coordinate point, that paper further reduces the formulas to terms of the dRt and contains solutions using those formulas and other additional formulas. New concepts are also introduced regarding spiral galaxy formation and other topics.

A third paper by Capt. Forrington, Time Dilation Cosmology 2, was published in the Journal of Modern Physics on 22 March 2024.

This paper is a further elaboration of the author's Time Dilation Cosmology (TDC) holographic model that ties gravitation and celestial mechanics and kinematics directly to time dilation, resolving all the major conundrums in astrophysics, and ties astrophysics directly to quantum physics. It begins with a brief summary of the TDC model and contains the new derivation for the time dilation version of the formula for summing relativistic velocities, Einstein's gravitational constant and the time dilation versions for the Lorentz factor and the Euclidean norm of the 3d velocity vector, the two of which can then be used in the Four-velocity formula. It is demonstrated how orbital curvature is manifested as the resultant of two time dilation-manifested velocities. It also explains why an interferometer cannot distinguish free fall from zero gravity and further elaborates on the author's previous explanations of how spiral galaxies are formed, and contains mathematical proof that Black Holes are actually Magnetospheric Eternally Collapsing Objects (MECOs) that are massless spacetime vortices.

A fourth paper by Capt. Forrington, The Unified Field, was published in the Journal of Modern Physics on 27 June 2024.

This is a Unified Field description based on the holographic Time Dilation Cosmology, TDC, model, which is an eternal continuum evolving forward in the forward direction of time, at the speed of light, c, at an invariant 1 s/s rate of time. This is the Fundamental Direction of Evolution, FDE. There is also an evolution down time dilation gradients, the Gravitational Direction of Evolution, GDE. These evolutions are gravity, which is the evolutionary force in time.. Gravitational velocities are compensation for the difference in the rate of time, dRt, in a dilation field, and the ?dRt is equal to the compensatory velocity's percentage of c, and is a measure of the force in time inducing the velocity. In applied force induced velocities, the dRt is a measure of the resistance in time to the induced velocity, which might be called "anti-gravity" or "negative gravity". The two effects keep the continuum uniformly evolving forward at c. It is demonstrated that gravity is already a part of the electromagnetic field equations in way of the dRt element contained in the TDC velocity formula. Einstein's energy formula is defined as a velocity formula and a modified version is used for charged elementary particle solutions. A time dilation-based derivation of the Lorentz force ties gravity directly to the electromagnetic field proving the unified field of gravity and the EMF. It is noted how we could possibly create gravity drives. This is followed by a discussion of black holes, proving supermassive objects, like massive black hole singularities, are impossible, and that black holes are massless Magnetospheric Eternally Collapsing Objects (MECOs) that are vortices in spacetime.